Why should 5G use massive MIMO technology?

Although 5G can use low frequency bands below 6GHz, due to limited resources in the low frequency band and 5G bandwidth requirements, most 5G networks will be deployed in the high frequency band, ie the millimeter wave band (mmWave). This feature of 5G cannot be ignored when finding the right technology for 5G.

From the physical characteristics of radio waves, if we use the low frequency band or the intermediate frequency band, we can achieve the omnidirectional transmission and reception of the antenna, at least on a wide fan plane. However, when using high frequency bands (such as the millimeter wave band), we have no choice but to use an antenna array that includes many antennas. As a result of using multiple antenna arrays, the beam becomes very narrow. Why can we only use multi-antenna arrays in the millimeter wave band?

In the ideal propagation model, when the transmit power at the transmitting end is fixed, the received power at the receiving end is proportional to the square of the wavelength, the transmit antenna gain, and the receive antenna gain, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the transmit antenna and the receive antenna. In the millimeter wave band, the wavelength of a radio wave is on the order of millimeters, so it is also called a millimeter wave. The radio waves used by 2G/3G/4G are decimeter waves or centimeter waves. Since the received power is proportional to the square of the wavelength, the signal attenuation of the millimeter wave is very severe compared to the centimeter wave or the decimeter wave, resulting in a significant reduction in the signal power received by the receiving antenna.

How to do it? We can’t increase the transmit power arbitrarily because the country has an upper limit on the antenna power; we can’t change the distance between the transmit and receive antennas because mobile users can change positions at any time; we can’t increase the transmit and receive antennas indefinitely. The gain, because it is subject to material and physical laws. The only viable solution is to increase the number of transmit and receive antennas by designing a multi-antenna array.

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From：http://www.hj-antenna.com/5g-antenna/